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Introduction Career counselling is a systematic process that helps individuals understand themselves, explore the world of work, and make informed career decisions. In a rapidly changing socio-economic environment, career choices
Introduction Counselling is a dynamic and ongoing process that requires continuous assessment, reflection, and adjustment. While listening, responding, and intervention skills are essential, counsellors must also develop monitoring skills to
Introduction Counselling is not only about listening and understanding but also about facilitating meaningful change. While basic listening and responding skills help establish rapport and trust, advanced counselling skills such
Counselling is a structured interpersonal process that relies heavily on the counsellor’s ability to respond effectively to what the client communicates. While listening and questioning help gather information and build
Introduction Effective counselling is built upon the quality of communication between the counsellor and the counselee. Among all counselling competencies, listening and questioning skills are considered the most fundamental. Listening
Introduction The counsellor-counselee relationship is the heart of the counselling process. Regardless of theoretical orientation or techniques used, the quality of the relationship significantly influences counselling outcomes. Research consistently shows
Introduction Communication is central to human interaction and emotional expression. The way individuals communicate their thoughts and feelings greatly influences relationships, self-understanding, and psychological well-being. In counselling psychology, communication is
Introduction Human thoughts play a powerful role in shaping emotions, behavior, and overall psychological well-being. The way individuals think about themselves, interpret life events, and anticipate the future strongly influences
Introduction Helpers and Helping relationships are an essential part of human interaction and psychological well-being. Individuals often face personal, emotional, educational, vocational, and social difficulties that require understanding, guidance, and
Introduction Neurocognitive disorders (NCDs) and delirium represent a group of conditions characterized by acquired cognitive decline that interferes with independence in everyday functioning. Unlike neurodevelopmental disorders, neurocognitive disorders involve deterioration
Introduction Hallucinogen-Related and Inhalant-Related Disorders fall under the category of Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders in the DSM-5. These substances alter perception, cognition, consciousness, and behavior through disruption of normal brain
Introduction Opioid-Related and Sedative-Hypnotic/Anxiolytic-Related Disorders are among the most serious substance-use conditions due to their high potential for dependency, overdose, and withdrawal complications. Opioids (e.g., heroin, morphine, prescription painkillers) and