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Introduction Hallucinogen-Related and Inhalant-Related Disorders fall under the category of Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders in the DSM-5. These substances alter perception, cognition, consciousness, and behavior through disruption of normal brain
Introduction Opioid-Related and Sedative-Hypnotic/Anxiolytic-Related Disorders are among the most serious substance-use conditions due to their high potential for dependency, overdose, and withdrawal complications. Opioids (e.g., heroin, morphine, prescription painkillers) and
Introduction Substance-related and substance-induced disorders represent a major category within the DSM-5, encompassing harmful patterns of substance use that result in maladaptive behavior, psychological change, physiological dependence, and impairment across
Introduction Cluster-C Personality Disorders, classified in the DSM-5 under the group of “anxious and fearful” personality patterns, are characterized by pervasive anxiety, chronic fearfulness, and maladaptive behaviors driven by insecurity,
Introduction Cluster-B personality disorders constitute one of the most widely studied and clinically challenging groups within the DSM-5 classification. They are commonly described as the dramatic, emotional, and erratic cluster,
Introduction Personality disorders are enduring, pervasive, and inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that deviate sharply from cultural expectations and lead to significant impairment in interpersonal, occupational, and emotional
Introduction Personality refers to the stable patterns of thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and interpersonal functioning that define an individual’s character and response to the world. Personality develops gradually through biological, psychological,
Introduction Parasomnias are disruptive sleep-related disorders in which undesirable physical, emotional, or sensory events occur during sleep or while transitioning between sleep and wakefulness. They are not disorders of sleep
Introduction Sleep is a biologically essential state that supports cognitive processing, emotional regulation, metabolic restoration, and immune functioning. When sleep quantity, quality, timing, or architecture are disrupted, the consequences extend
Introduction Paraphilic disorders and gender dysphoria represent two distinct yet frequently misunderstood categories within human sexuality. While paraphilic disorders refer to atypical sexual interests that cause significant personal distress, impairment,
Introduction Human sexuality is a central aspect of physical and emotional well-being. It involves biological processes, psychological experiences, relational dynamics, and sociocultural influences. When these factors function harmoniously, individuals typically
Introduction Childhood and adolescent disruptive behavior disorders represent a group of psychological conditions characterized by difficulties in emotional and behavioral regulation, impaired social functioning, defiance toward authority, and persistent patterns